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Vampire Virus Biology

Vampire Virus Biology

A person who comes out of a vampiric coma fully transformed will have undergone a number of major physiological changes affecting the various systems of the body. The information included below is only an overview; for a more detailed account, try two classic texts: Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Vampire and Vesalius' Five Books on the Structure of the Vampire Body.

Brain/Nervous System

A vampire's nervous system is similar to humans and has proven to be their "achilles heel." Injuries to the spinal cord and brain can devastating for vampires. While a vampire's spinal cord and nerves work as before transformation, a number of changes take place in the brain, and that altered brain chemistry goes a long way toward understanding vampire behavior.

1 - Serotonin: vampires have much lower levels of this neurotransmitter. In humans, low levels of serotonin trigger aggression and risky behavior. A study of murderers on death row revealed low levels of serotonin in their brains.
2 - Dopamine: another neurotransmitter, dopamine induces feelings of well-being. In vampires, it is released during feeding and has a narcotic-like effect. Neural pathways activated in vampires during feeding are much like those found in addicts when using drugs.
3 - Circadian rhythms chemical changes in the brain that help us "rise and shine" with the morning light are reversed in vampires.
Normal brain (left) shows serotonin activity;
vampire brain (right) shows none

Sense Organs

Powerful sense organs gave vampires an advantage both in hunting and eluding capture. Sneaking up on them virtually impossible, as they are aware of your presence long before you are aware of theirs.

1 - Sight: in vampires, the iris in each eye becomes hyperdilated, giving them what appear to be black eyes. While this iris dilation gives vampires excellent night vision, it renders them effectively blind in daylight. In addition, vampires suffer inflammation of the sclera, making the whites of their eyes appear red.
2 - Smell/hearing: both senses are extremely acute, as vampires have double the receptor cells in their noses and ears compared to humans. In fact, vampires usually smell or hear a person coming long before they see one.



Normal eye (left); Vampire eye (right)

Hair, skin, teeth, fingernails:

Part of the terror of encountering a vampire stems from dramatic changes to their outer appearance. Some of these changes are functional, while others remain a mystery.

1 - Teeth: during vampiric coma, the upper and lower eyeteeth experience growth. Additional enamel is deposited on the crown of the tooth. Vampires will file the teeth to make them sharper for easier feeding.
2 - Hair: vampires lose all their bodily hair within ten years of transformation (except for the tiny hairs in their ears, known as cilia).
3 - Skin: a newly-transformed vampire has a sickly, pale yellow skin tone that turns to blue over the next few days. In time, the skin becomes more and more translucent, and a fine network of veins become visible under the skin.
4 - Fingernails: vampire fingernails thicken and grow at a rapid rate. Vampires will file their nails to a point, which helps them in grabbing victims.

The upper (l) and lower (r) eyeteeth
experience rapid growth

Circulatory System:

The most profound differences between humans and vampires are found in the circulatory system. These differences enable vampires to survive massive trauma that would kill a human being.

1 - Blood: vampire blood is called ichor (pr. ik-er). Modifications to hemoglobin in the blood cells makes vampire blood appear black.
2 - Heart: vampire blood is pumped via the contraction of skeletal muscle rather than the heart, which eventually atrophies from disuse.
3 - Adrenaline: this "emergency hormone," which normally kicks in during "fight or flight" situations, is found in consistently large amounts in vampire blood. The presence of adrenaline, along with changes in muscle, bone and connective tissue, account for vampire's extraordinary strength, speed and aggressiveness.

Body Temperature:

A vampire's core body temperature is only about 60 degrees, compared to over 98 degrees for humans. This marked difference proved to be a great help for modern vampire fighters, as it made vampires easily distinguishable from humans when viewed through heat-sensitive infrared imagery (note the difference between the vampire and human in the picture at right).

Muscular/Skeletal System:

Adaptations in their skeletal and muscular systems give vampires significant advantages over humans.

1 - Muscles/Connective Tissue: about 90% of vampire muscles are of the fast-twitch variety (compared to 50% for the average human). Fast-twitch muscles enable short bursts of maximal force, ideal when hunting prey. Also, vampire ligaments and tendons thicken in response to the workload imposed upon them by the muscles.
2 - Skeletal system: vampire bones thicken, an adaptation necessary to support their newly-powerful muscles.

Aging and Life Expectancy:

While no vampire on record has ever died of natural causes, vampires do undergo an aging process, just not in the same way as humans. Vampires do not age on a molecular/genetic level, but their life of hunting and eluding capture creates tremendous wear and tear in the form of injuries to bones and tissue.
Because they presented such a danger to society, most vampires were destroyed long before the outer limits of their life span were determined. Ancient history offers some clues, however. In Ancient China, there was said to be one vampire in the emperor's court through the entire (eastern) Zhou Dynasty, which would put his age at 550. More accurate modern records have certified vampires of over 200 years old.

Contrary to the opinions of many theologians, vampiric longevity is not the result of some pact with the devil, but rather an ability to ward off the DNA damage that occurs during cell division in normal humans. Specifically, the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes known as telomers get chewed up over time in humans, but not in vampires.

Though their DNA may have the ability to resist aging, a vampire's appearance will change dramatically over time. Vampires lose all of their hair within 10 years of transformation. Over time, a vampire's fat stores shrink away and its skin becomes thinner and more transparent, giving it a withered, dried appearance. Aging also leaves vampires with a pronounced curvature of the spine.

Despite their rather feeble appearance, older vampires are still extremely powerful and agile. Many a vampire hunter has made the mistake of underestimating them.


A 125-year old vampire
photographed in Spain, 1901
Note the curved spine and
lack of hair  

The Virus To the Left HVV source: the bat flea Xenopsylla cheopsis To the right HVV carrier: Vampire bat The source of vampirism is the Human Vampiric Virus (HVV). Like Rabies, HVV belongs to the order Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genome. Viruses in this group have a distinct bullet shape. The virus' natural host is a flea commonly found on cave-dwelling bats, especially the vampire bat. In the most common scenario, a bat which has been bitten by the flea passes the virus on to livestock and humans through a bite. Unlike many other viruses, the HVV virus is not airborne. Airborne viruses can travel from one host to another through the air and quickly cause an outbreak by infecting a significant number of people through the air ventilation systems in large public buildings, like for example a casino or a shopping mall. While in theory HVV infection is possible through any exchange of bodily fluids, transmission occurs through the bite of an infected person in virtually every case. Stages of the Disease Stage One: Infection. Within hours of being bitten, the victim develops a headache, fever, chills and other flu-like symptoms as the body tries to fight off the infection. These symptoms can be easily confused with more common viral infections, although the presence of bite marks on the body are usually enough to confirm the diagnosis. This stage generally lasts between six and twelve hours, during which the vaccine is 100 percent effective. Image on the left: Electron micrograph of HVV (left); The virus budding off an infected cell (right) Stage Two: Vampiric Coma. Within 24 hours of being bitten, the victim will slip into a vampiric coma. During this phase, the pulse slows, breathing is shallow and the pupils are dilated. The large numbers of people mistakenly buried alive while in vampiric comas gave rise to the myth that vampires sleep in coffins. While it is commonly thought that anyone infected with HVV turns into a vampire, in fact only a small percentage of people survive vampiric comas. Generally, the young, the old and the feeble never come out of their vampiric comas and eventually die. The vast majority of people who survive vampiric comas are males between the ages of 18 to 35. Vampiric comas last about a day; the victim usually comes out of the coma the night after its onset. The vaccine is 50 percent effective when administered during Stage Two of the infection: the longer the victim has been in the coma, the less effective the vaccine. Image to the Right: In 1800 France, an infected woman is given a transfusion of goat's blood, a desperate, futile measure to ward off the disease Image to the Left: During vampire epidemics, many victims were buried while still in a vampiric coma Stage Three: Transformation. A bite victim who survives the coma will awaken fully transformed into a vampire. An acclimation period follows, characterized by confusion, despondency and paranoia. Most vampires begin to hunt within 24 hours of transformation. The vaccine is of no use at this point.

Vampire Sociology Vampire behavior resembles our own in more ways than we might imagine. By conducting extensive interviews with vampires, along with observing their behavior in the wild, scientists have been able to arrive a reasonable understanding of their world. The Newly Transformed The first few days after coming out of a vampiric coma are especially difficult for a vampire. A newly transformed vampire awakens disoriented, its judgment clouded by competing impulses and memories of its previous life. But all those are drowned out by a fierce, intense desire for blood. This urge for blood eventually snaps a vampire into focus, and it sets about finding a way to fill that urge. Image to the Left: researchers restrain a vampire being kept under observation in 1932 The Hunting Pack Though lone vampires are not uncommon, most vampires find it advantageous to either join an existing hunting pack or create one of their own. Each path has its own advantages. Joining an existing pack offers security, access to blood and protection from other packs. However, new members are low in the pecking order and are often forced to put themselves in dangerous positions, such as on advance scouting missions. In addition, new members of a pack are the last to feed, if they get to feed at all. Vampires possessing natural leadership skills may find it better to hunt on their own and eventually bring some of their victims into the fold. With vampires unable to reproduce, the hunting pack is the family unit of their life. In a successful pack, each vampire has its role, and there is little dissension. A typical pack is made up of four vampires, with one Alpha Vampire and three underlings. Four seems to be the ideal number for a hunting pack: any more than that, not everyone always gets a chance to feed; any less and the hunting becomes appreciably riskier. Of course, in the distant past, when vampire control was in a more primitive state, large vampire armies rose up and spread by overwhelming entire towns. Are vampires sentimental? Do they love? In a limited sense, yes. Vampires are capable of developing loyalties and behaving selflessly in the name of the pack. However, the pack is the only area of their lives in which they are not mercenary. Alpha Vampires Vampires packs are meritocracies, not democracies. There are no elections, no "show of hands" in a vampire pack. The most capable hunter and leader runs the show, and the others follow. The Alpha Vampire coordinates hunting strategy, gives assignments and makes all final decisions. There are perks to the job. During hunting, the Alpha generally hangs back in a less risky position. yet when a victim is seized, the Alpha drinks first. But the job has its perils too. For one, the Alpha has the difficult task of choosing replacements for fallen packmates. In this, it must walk a fine line. While the Alpha must be stronger than its fellow pack-mates, it cannot afford to carry weak, ineffectual hunters in the pack. But stronger pack mates can rise up and become a threat to its position. Like virtually all mammals, vampires assert their dominance through display behavior and fighting. Vampires hiss, bare their fangs and claws and showcase their prodigious leaping ability to try and intimidate rivals. Physical size and power are important but by no means the only determinant of Alpha status. In fact, intellectual capacity is more important than physical prowess in determining success and longevity as a vampire. While Alpha Vampires would seem to be in an enviable position, they actually have a higher mortality rate than non-Alphas. Each new challenge to an Alpha Vampire from within the pack takes its toll. Injuries pile up, including many of the permanently disabling variety. Vampires can lose an eye, have flesh torn off and break bones. Older vampires are far from the dashing, handsome types so often seen in movies. An older vampire is likely to be heavily scarred, with parts of its face missing. The ultimate fate of the Alpha Vampire is a grim one: cast out of the safety of the pack, no longer able to fight, the once powerful vampire is reduced to a solitary existence, subsisting on the blood of whatever cat or dog it can win the confidence of. Eventually, the Alpha succumbs to malnourishment or the weapons of vampire hunters. Fledglings When a recently transformed vampire joins a pack, it is usually taken under the wing of an elder, who helps the fledgling learn how to hunt. While some packs have no patience with slow learners, most fledglings are given a little bit of time to get up to speed. However, an unusually quick-learner is perceived as a threat and may be destroyed by the Alpha. Fledglings with ambition learn to keep a low profile and hide their agenda until the time is right. Hunting Vampires Will utilize all at their disposal to hunt while avoiding detection. They will have female pack members pose as prostitutes to lure male victims. They will haunt the shadows around nightclubs, sporting and concert venues and all-night diners. Prostitutes and homeless always make up a disproportionate number of victims. A given swath of real estate can only support so many vampires. While an urban area may offer more hunting opportunities for vampires, it also increases their chances of running afoul of another pack. The country is safer, but hunting opportunities may be few and far between. Therefore, vampire packs must be ruthless in defending their territory. Battles between vampire packs are almost unimaginably vicious. It is not enough to merely win the confrontation. To have a future, a vampire pack must show their rivals how ruthless they are. Treatment of Victims: Vampire treatment of victims can range from indifferent to barbaric. If a pack finds a suitable new member, it will keep that person in their midst until transformation is complete. Once a pack size is set, vampires will usually tear their victims apart after feeding. Some consider this behavior as proof that vampires are cruel, but in fact it is more a question of pragmatism than cruelty. Left intact, today's bite victim could become tomorrow's rival. More sophisticated packs hide the corpses of their victims so as to avoid alerting authorities to their presence. The Vampire Home Vampire dwellings of the modern era are the very definition of crude and utilitarian. Since vampires spend most of their waking hours out hunting, there is little need for creature comforts at home. A vampire's priorities are avoiding detection and getting out of the sun, and their abodes reflect the transient nature of their lives. If a vampire pack has found a particularly safe, secluded hiding spot, the vampires may make perfunctory efforts to dress it up with furniture and knick knacks. Music is one of their preferred indulgences, one they had to curtail in the face of nosy vampire hunters. Knowing that their lair may be discovered at any time, vampires travel light. In the country, they live in caves, abandoned mines and barns. In the city, they inhabit abandoned buildings and subway stations, or they tunnel under piers along the waterfront. It wasn't always this way. In the Middle Ages, when vampire packs roamed the countryside without fear of extermination, they enjoyed occupying lavish digs. Once set up in these palaces, Alpha Vampires would conspicuously display symbols of their success with all the windy self-importance of today's ruling classes. I mage Up: Agents clean up after a battle with vampires in an abandoned New York City subway station Hygiene A vampire is generally uninterested in personal hygiene. They dislike washing and will wear the same clothes as long as possible. However, because their hunting missions may require them to hide in plain sight, vampires have no choice but to wash themselves and put on new clothes (usually stolen from stores or taken off of victims) from time to time. Vampire Demographics The vast majority (about 80 percent) of vampires are males who were between the ages of 18 and 35 upon transformation. Another 10 percent are females between the ages of 15 and 35 upon transformation. The remaining 10 percent are males and females slightly outside the 15 to 35 age range upon transformation. The racial and ethnic makeup of a pack will generally mirror that of the local populace. Alpha Vampires are usually, but not always, male. Despite the fact that they do not age on a cellular level, vampire mortality rates have always been high. In 1800, a newly transformed vampire could expect to live 10 years on average. By 1900, that number had dropped to 5 years. In 1960, that number was only 2 years. The leading causes of death have also changed with the times. In the Middle Ages, vampiricide, or murder by other vampires, was the leading cause of death. By 1930, vampire hunters had become the number one killer. Vampire Religion It may come as a surprise to many that vampires practice religion. Perhaps because they share with us a desire to make sense of the world, vampires have sought to put their bloodlust into some sort of context. Historically, vampires see themselves as the antithesis of the prevailing religion in the land of their origin. Thus, the worship of Satan and Judas was born among vampire packs in Christian countries. Many vampires from Hindu countries believe themselves to be descended from Shiva, the god of destruction.

Vampire Virus Human

The main reason real vampirism is not more widely believed is the failure of the general public to understand exactly what the virus which produces the condition actually is, or how it functions. Most people do not understand, or believe, that human DNA can be altered in such a way as to produce such a being.

Actually, many things can alter a person's normal DNA. Drugs such as LSD and Thalidomide cause DNA changes and many viruses can change the DNA in a single gene. A combination of these altered genes can change the over all DNA of a living human.

The term 'vampire' as used on this site as a medical term, must be separated from the vampire myths. A Viral Vampire is an infected human. Though the DNA in the host human has been greatly altered, the organism remains human in the medical sense as the number of chromosomes has not been changed.

All humans, in fact the entire human race, have the same number of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes is what makes them human (except for those born with Down's Syndrome. These people have an extra chromosome but are, of course, human).

Technically the vampire is still a human, but for sake of discussion we think of viral vampires as non-human or as the next step up in human evolution. This is difficult to believe because many of the attributes of a vampire are, well, considered to be better and more developed than humans'. The strength, speed, enhanced mental and/or psychic abilities, the ability to digest human and other blood more efficiently are but a few of the differences. The reason this happens is the basic human DNA is altered by the virus. The virus, we call it V5 is NOT the same virus as HIV5. To simplify, it is transmitted through a simple infection.

This infection is gained either through birth or infection from one who has the virus and passes it on. The child inherits the infection, passed on from the mother or father. The parent may have picked up the virus from some other member of their family such as a cousin, aunt, brother, etc., and thus the infection is passed on to the newborn child. Rarely are both parents infected, i.e., vampires themselves. More often, they are carriers of the virus, in a similar manner to the way a red haired child is born to a family who, for several generations, have been all blond.

               

The passing of the virus to the child from the parent produces an Inheritor Vampire child. The V5 is passed on to the newborn much the same way the AIDS virus is passed from mother to child. In such a child, the virus remains dormant until the catalyst of the onset of puberty. The release of hormones is believed to activate the virus system.

The effects of the V5 virus then takes a number of years, as the child develops, to be completely effective, i.e., active in the system from its previously dormant state in the child's body. As in any infection, the child's immune system tries to fight off the infection, and in many cases, if not most, it succeeds. It is also believed that the blood chemical make up of the individual is also responsible in determining if the child will be fully affected by the virus and thus DNA altered. Not all infected people develop the vampire virus, V5, and thus not everyone born with it becomes a vampire.

That is why we are not hip deep in real Inheritor vampires. The only other way to become a vampire is to be given the infection by someone already infected. This would make the person, the subject, a Classical. As with Inheritors, it takes Classicals quite a long time to develop the full blown virus once infected due to the same reasons; blood chemistry make up and the immune system. Also, not everyone who is exposed to the virus by a Classical will be a viable host for the virus.

There is also a theory that a person has to be genetically predisposed to V5.

                 

 Infect to blood sel

               

V5 is actually closely related to many other viruses such as the common flu virus and the AIDS virus. V5 is not the AIDS virus but works in much the same way as to infecting the host. Another reason the reality and cause of vampirism in today's modern world is not more widely believed is because not many members of the public or medical establishment know of the existence of V5.

Why don't they know of it? Because, like Ebola and other new illnesses such as the Flesh Eating Bacteria, which actually have not been named so far, as we do not know what they are as of this date. V5 has only been known for a relatively short time, many years to be sure, but in regard to other illnesses, a short time.

It has been many, many years now that several doctors in different parts of the USA and Europe have known about and been studying the V5 virus and its victims. The studies have been accomplished by long range, personal, one to one research with these infected people.

Why so secretive?

The same reason as with any other discovery. Once released, the doctors and researchers will gain money, fame and reputation. Not to mention grants, and the licensing of new drugs, etc. For the past few years, ImortalN and I have been telling people of the existence of the virus and explaining the ''what and why'' of this illness. We have compared it to other historical illnesses believed to be the cause of vampires in the past.

A few years ago, it was discovered that V5 is related to the AIDS virus. We began telling people then of an impending break through in a vaccine for AIDS. A vaccine for AIDS, discovered from the link to the vampire virus. During the month of June 1998, both NBC and ABC first gave the announcement of a new AIDS vaccine in development.

Just prior to that was released the news announcing a gene, newly discovered, that lengthened the life of a fruit fly by twice its normal life span. OK, laugh. It does sound funny, but it is most important. That gene, in an insect, was gained from gene mapping, isolating, and gene construction, and the same is possible and already being done with humans.

               

               

The V5 is accessed because of a special and rare gene some people have and which can be passed on through or by infection into a host. Next there will be further announcements of the life extension program already in effect for humans. Soon to follow, other announcements about gene splicing, genetic engineering and gene manipulation which had already been performed on lesser animals.

The DNA of a jellyfish were implanted into developing mouse embryos. The result? The unification of 2 non-related creatures which resulted in a litter of healthy mice, which actually glowed in the dark, the way a jellyfish glows in the darkness of the depths of the sea. Just 'Google' mice jellyfish. That's all you have to enter, two words, mice jellyfish, (don't use quotation marks) and click search, you'll find the articles! No one believes me when I say these things but they are true.

Genetic mapping, and genetic coding of viruses will explain the V5 more fully to those not knowledgeable in medical or genetic terminology. Discovery of the V5 will make a huge difference when formally announced.

Think for a moment what the full impact of such ramifications would mean.

               

What would happen to the nation's, to the world's, population if vampires were proven to be real? Real, but not at all like the myths or legends.

First the fear. Vampires are stronger, faster, etc. They could easily take jobs. They tend to be smarter and more mentally adept, more psychic. Could they then dominate and control normal humans?

The hatred. Humans cannot even live with their own kind in peace. How can they live with actual vampires?

The envy, Vampires live longer, stay young looking longer. How many normal people would want to be able to do the same?

Population. So many of them and they live longer. Less housing, less food and what else would they use longer than normal people?

And what about the religious issues? The old church views are that all vampires are evil or in league with evil. How many righteous people would like to see them dead? How many hunters would like to see them dead? (See Real Hunters link elsewhere on this site)

The government would want them for soldiers and laborers and so would other countries. Not to mention forcibly studying them like lab animals.

What about the vampire himself/herself? Their safety gone, they are exposed, people who fear, hate or admire them, and all now know the vampire truly exists.

How does society cope with something that it has been told for a millennium does not exist?

How does the world establishment tell the populous of the existence of something believed to be myth and evil?

               

How does one go about integrating a newly identified species into the human community?

Very, very slowly and carefully.

               

To understand how DNA is altered by virus, we shall now look at normal genetic coding. I apologize that there is no way to really simplify this.

Genetic code. The ability to use more than one codon to specify a particular amino acid requires many different (mRNA) as many amino acids as there are triplets. The corresponding number of codon synonyms and (tRNA) results in the correspondence in (mRNA) transcription. The attraction between the (tRNA) and the triplets of the (mRNA) depends on the corresponding codon and the anticodon. The degeneration of the code has a pattern for all amino acids that have 2, 3, or 4 synonyms for the first 2 bases, one or more triplets.

There may be a question as to where the triplets overlap.

Example: a sequence of AUGGUGG Where a non overlapping code 2 amino acids, methioine (AUG) and prypothan (UGG) or could this really be 4 amino acids? Methioine (AUG), cysteiniel (UGU), valine (GUG), and tryptophaine (UGG)? Really bad problems can come from over lapping sequence AAU and AAC which may then read as AAUAAAC. This code could not be followed by methioine because the overlapping codon which resets UGA is a terminator codon.

It was once believed that any one particular codon that specified an amino acid meant the same acid in all organisms. But it has been noted that there are exceptions in humans; to note these exceptions, go to the genetic code. Each (tRNA) molecule has 2 important functions.

               

1.To attach itself to a certain amino acid

2.To place the acid in its proper place in the protein.

               

To do both jobs a sort of relocation site must exist in the (tRNA). The anticodon is the compliment of a certain messenger in the (mRNA).

                               

Before you can understand what the vampire virus is and how it works, it is necessary to understand a bit of genetics and virus in general.

Why?

Because the vampire virus is closely related to, or you might say a cousin to, both the flu and the AIDS virus or to more properly say, related to the virus which goes on to cause HIV in humans. This statement simply means V5 is a retro-virus. The things which makes it so difficult to believe, and in fact is why most cannot believe in the existence of the vampire virus, is the lack of general understanding of how the v-virus can and does alter the human DNA to permit the vampire symptoms and maladies to take effect on the once human body. Most people do not believe the human DNA can be so drastically altered.

This is a strange problem, since all retro viruses (except for perhaps some bacteria which are, of course, not viruses) and one form of RNA, viruses do most commonly change the cell DNA and take over the individual cell's original DNA. It commonly occurs in the flu virus and in the HIV virus, both of which are related to the V5 virus.

To better understand how this virus works and how genetics plays a part in the inherited factors, we must first look at the basics of human genetic coding and regular and retro viruses.

Those of you who have already had this in class, will see this is basic text book stuff found in any source for the study of genes or genetic coding. You have already read the above basics of genetic coding and how important the sequence of amino acids and bases are to the virus and its function in a cell.

               

               

Genetic coding is the means by which hereditary traits are passed from one human, or other species, on to another of its own kind in birth. Genetic code is the exact chemical equation by which the information making heredity is passed on from the genes to the proteins such as hemoglobin or pepsin. These and other proteins are the ladder which structures the human body. Enliens, pollypeptides, and hormones all serve to regulate these chemical reactions in the body. Chromosomes are located in the Nucleic Acids.

The DNA or RNA of each Gene is responsible for making the Protein involved in the development of each trait. Species allow Genes to have the same effect on all its members in the same manner and so effect all its members from generation to generation of that species.

The codon is the main unit. The Codon is involved with the structure of nucleic acid. Both DNA and RNA are composed of a special sequence of individual units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three smaller units, a phosphate, a slayer, (No not THAT kind of 'slayer') and a base.

               

               

There are 4 types of Base in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine are double rings called PURINES and the last component Thymine, is a single ring component called Pyrimidines in RNA. Uracilis is pyrimidine in RNA, wherever Thymine would be found in DNA. The key is the bases, and how they are arranged, and in which sequence in a chain of single strand of (rnRNA) or DNA.

There are 20 different amino acids in proteins but only 4 bases. Nucleotide bases that is. This provides for 4x4x4 different and specific bases, 64 codons. There are more combinations actually but these are all we need to look at right now to realize the structure can be greatly varied as to acids and bases. With the exception of 3 of the 64 codons, each specifies one of the 20 amino acids in the proteins.

Most acids have more than one codon but some have triplets as we have previously seen. The codons which specify are known as the synonyms for the amino acid. During the bonding the protein transfers to the genes the information. This occurs in 2 parts, transcription and translation. The transcription acts as the triplet on which the RNA pollynuecliotide chain, called the messenger RNA (mRNA).

               

               

The messenger carries the genetic code from the acids to the cell's nucleus, to the nucleus of the ribosomes in the cytoplasms of the cell. During the transcription (mRNA) is attached to the ribosomes which are sections of three actual proteins. (mRNA) CODON determines the sequence of amino acid in the protein. Synthesis each acid is connected to the ribosomes molecule of transcription. (tRNA) which has, in its nucleus, a sequence of three nucleotide bases. Contained in an anticodon, and is complementary to a particular codon in the (tRNA). An attraction hydrogen binding helps alter the RNA and (mRNA). During this bonding a particular amino acid is transferred to the polypeptide chain.

Doctors originally thought that only one strand, the sense strand, of a double strand DNA contained the actual gene transcription into the RNA directly. The other strand, the antisense strand, was believed to function only as a replication. But this has now changed. It has since been learned that in some cases both strands are transcribed. This is considered a newer break through, something not known a number of years ago. Whichever antisense RNA is transcribed into protein or remains as RNA and may be a regulator to the sequence.

This is believed but has not been officially established.

In order for the Acid chain to be divided into sequence, each has to have a specific message signal showing the beginning and end of each sequence. (mRNA) contains a special codon at both ends of this message, one that initiates and one that ends the transcription of the Code. The triplet for the methioine (AUG) is the initiator codon for the protein synthesis. When first formed, polypeptide chains have methinomine as the first amino acid.

During the transcription process or after the protein chain is completed some changes are usually made by the cellular entyines, and these form the foundation protein. One of these changes is sometimes the removal of methioine. There are 2 types of cells, eukarotic and prorkryotic. The difference is prorkryotic cells don't have a nucleus and rarely have a membrane. Both have DNA codons called nonsense codons such as UAA, UAG, or UGA ... carry anticodons and cannot be transcribed. (mRNA) codon is found in the messenger.

               

Pria Kebal HIV/AIDS

Stephen Crohn punya tubuh yang luar biasa, yang mampu membuat para dokter dan ilmuwan terpana: ia kebal terhadap HIV/AIDS.

Stephen bahkan dijuluki  'The Man Who Can't Catch AIDS' -- pria yang tak bisa mengidap AIDS oleh The Independent pada 1996. Kekasih sesama jenisnya, dan sejumlah temannya meninggal akibat penyakit tersebut, namun ia tetap hidup dan sehat.

Dengan berani, ia bahkan merelakan sel darah putihnya terpapar HIV. Namun, dokter tak bisa menginfeksinya, meski pada konsentrasi ribuan kali lebih kuat dari apa pun yang bisa terjadi di luar tabung reaksi.

Namun, Stephen akhirnya memutuskan mengakhiri hidupnya. Ia bunuh diri pada 23 Agustus 2013 lalu. Di usia 66 tahun.

"Kakak lelakiku melihat rekan-rekan di sekitarnya sekarat lalu meninggal, tapi ia selamat," kata adiknya, Amy Crohn Santagata seperti dimuat Daily Mail, Senin (16/9/2013).

"Dia merasa bersalah karenanya, ia menjadi satu-satunya orang yang selamat. Ia kerap berkata, 'pasti ada alasannya'."

Amy menambahkan, kakaknya adalah sosok luar biasa karena kekebalan tubuhnya itu. "Tapi sebaliknya, ia manusia biasa." Stephen menderita depresi dalam dekade terakhir.

Stephen tak hanya dikenal sebagai orang yang kebal dari HIV/AIDS. Ia juga seorang pelukis produktif, pematung, editor, dan bekerja sebagai pekerja sosial di New York.

Kematian Demi Kematian

Kekasih sejenis Stephen, pesenam tampan Jerry Green, termasuk orang pertama yang meninggal akibat AIDS pada 1982 -- setelah terinfeksi pada 1978.

Stephen merawat kekasihnya yang kehilangan bobot tubuh sampai hampir 14 kilo, menjadi buta, dan 'dimakan' oleh penyakit misterius tersebut -- yang dulu belum dikenal luas.

Tahun demi tahun, sejumlah teman dekat pasangan tersebut meninggal karena AIDS, namun Stephen tak pernah terinfeksi. Padahal, ia terus berhubungan seksual dengan beberapa di antaranya, tanpa melakukan pencegahan khusus.

Saat menyadari, tubuhnya berbeda, Stephen menjadi relawan, bekerja sama dengan para dokter, untuk mengungkap mengapa hal tersebut bisa terjadi.

"Aku tak bisa menginfeksinya dengan sel CD4 ," kata Dr Bill Paxton yang saat itu bekerja di Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center di New York. "Aku belum pernah melihat hal tersebut sebelumya."

Bertahun-tahun kemudian, para peneliti berhasil menguak misteri tersebut. Virus HIV masuk ke dalam sel darah putih melalui dua reseptor. Bedanya, reseptor kedua Stephen cacat karena kelainan genetik.

Dr Paxton mengaku, ia bersahabat dengan Stephen selama bertahun-tahun. "Ia jenis orang yang masuk ke dalam ruangan dan bisa menghidupkan suasana," kata dia. "Padahal, aku ingin meneleponnya akhir pekan ini."

Kurang dari 1 Persen

Anomali seperti ditemukan dalam tubuh Stephen ditemukan kurang dari 1 populasi dunia. Itulah yang menyelamatkan nyawanya.

"Kontribusinya terhadap pengetahuan medis sangat luar biasa, kata Dr Bruce D. Walker, Direktur Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, kepada The Times.

Penelitian yang didasarkan pada sel darah Stephen menghasilkan obat maraviroc yang menghambat reseptor CCR5. Mencegah infeksi menyebar sekali pasien terkena HIV.

Bahkan, menurut The Times, seperti dimuat Liputan6.com seorang pasien AIDS secara efektif telah sembuh pada 2006, berkat menerima transplantasi sumsum tulang dari donor yang mengalami mutasi serupa dengan Stephen. (Ein/Yus)

Pinjaman AJB

Gak sedikit orang yang pengin ngembangin usaha tapi terbentur masalah klasik: biaya. Satu-satunya cara buat dapetin duit bakal modal tambahan ya cari pinjaman alias kredit.

Tapi gimana mau kredit kalau gak ada aset yang bisa dijaminkan? Bisa sih pakai kredit tanpa agunan (KTA). Namun jumlah duit yang bisa dipinjam lewat KTA terbatas, lebih sedikit dibanding pakai agunan/jaminan.

Jadi, kalau duit yang dibutuhkan lebih besar, gak bisa pakai KTA. Apalagi bunga KTA juga lebih tinggi dan periode pembayarannya lebih singkat.


Jika sedang dalam kondisi kayak gini, jangan buru-buru putus asa lalu cari jalan pintas. Terlebih sampai cari rentenir buat minjemin duit.

Awas rentenir. Untung cuma sesaat, derita sampai akhirat

Pinjaman dari rentenir alias lintah darat gak diatur oleh pemerintah. Jadi bisa saja mereka netapin bunga mencekik dan langsung ambil alih aset begitu pinjaman gagal dilunasi.

Beda dengan bank, yang tunduk pada aturan pemerintah. Kita bisa melaporkan bank yang nakal ke Otoritas Jasa Keuangan atau langsung ke pengadilan.


Bahkan ada rentenir atau non-lembaga keuangan yang minta jaminan berupa akta jual beli (AJB) lahan buat ngucurin kredit. Sekilas ini memang menguntungkan karena gak perlu pakai sertifikat hak milik (SHM) yang posisinya lebih kuat ketimbang AJB sebagai surat bukti kepemilikan rumah.

Tapi, ada ancaman yang mengintai di balik kemudahan ini. Menurut Pasal 37 ayat 1 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 1997 juncto Pasal 2 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 37 Tahun 1998 tentang Peraturan Jabatan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah, AJB yang dibuat Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah adalah tanda peralihan hak atas tanah yang bisa didaftarkan ke kantor pertanahan setempat.

Artinya, kalau kita kredit dengan jaminan AJB rentenir dan suatu saat gagal melunasi pinjaman, rumah kita terancam dibabat si rentenir. Sebab rentenir bisa saja membalik nama rumah itu jadi miliknya lantaran AJB adalah salah satu syarat pengubahan nama dalam sertifikat dan menjadi bukti terjadinya jual-beli.

Serem kan kalo ampe rumah disikat ama rentenir juga. Mending ajuin kredit yang pasti-pasti aja bro

Apalagi jika perjanjian pinjaman itu dibuat dalam bentuk AJB. Kalau kreditnya Rp 1 miliar sedangkan harga rumah cuma Rp 300 juta sih, oke-oke aja. Banyak yang ngantre.

Tapi itu kayak berharap Dian Sastro mau pacaran sama kamu. Suatu hil yang mustahal.

Yang ada rentenir maunya ngasi kredit Rp 50 juta doang walau harga rumah jauh di atas itu. Udah jatuh ketimpa tangga, langit-langit, tembok, ama genteng itu namanya.

Kredit dengan Jaminan AJB Resmi

Walau memang sedikit lebih rumit, sebaiknya mengurus pinjaman dengan jaminan AJB ke bank yang resmi. Ada kok bank yang mau nerima, misalnya CIMB Niaga dan Bank Danamon.

Bahkan CIMB Niaga mau nerima jaminan berupa girik. Girik adalah surat tanah tapi lebih lemah posisinya daripada AJB.


CIMB punya dua pilihan buat yang mau ambil kredit dengan jaminan berupa AJB, yaitu:


1. Mikro Madya Loan

• Plafon: Rp 20-50 juta
• Tenor 12-36 bulan

2. Kredit Mikro Utama

• Plafon: Rp 50-100 juta
• Tenor 12-36 bulan

Prosesnya pun diklaim sederhana. Jadi, gak ada alasan buat cari rentenir untuk pinjam dana.

Mending ke bank kalau urusannya udah duit begini, apalagi dalam jumlah besar. Kalau lewat rentenir, bunganya itu lho, gak ketulungan besarnya karena gak ada yang ngatur. Bisa-bisa jumlah bunga ngelebihin pokok utang.